Mutually Assured Destruction is what has kept us from having a nuclear war so far. If one country fires nuclear missiles at another, the other will do the same and everyone dies, so both sides will try to avoid this.
But, if the oligarchs of a world superpower are all on a self sustaining Mars base, and earth doesn't have any missiles that can reach mars, then they could easily just order the military on earth to start a nuclear war and they would be fine.
Some people argue that Humans should become multiplanetary because that will make sure the species survives, but the opposite might be true.
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