@Erfisflat "All of this is assuming that refraction isn't a thing"

 Here we go again. You are ignoring the fact that I just disproved that refraction could be a thing. Refraction cannot make the sun always look the same size, while still comporting with the results of the shadow experiment.

 Your response to this was that the size of the sun does not affect shadows, which I disproved mathematically. 

@Erfisflat ;
"The sun's apparent position, the angle of the rays are all dependents in the experiment.

Size is not"

 So you are claiming that if the sun changed size, the shadows of objects would not change? Then let me prove you wrong by the power of simple geometry. Just hold on.

@Erfisflat You either laughed at my "Plane" or my argument. I am really interested in how you will solve the problem if the latter is true. What kind of new baseless crazy assumptions will you make? 

@Erfisflat No, you are the one confusing things by trying to use an example to think about the issue rather than thinking about the issue itself. 

 That flashlight example is not clear. If you make the lightbulb bigger, the results WILL change. But if you just make the flashlight itself bigger, not changing the lightbulb, the flashlight will just illumunate more area.

 Now, our problem is similar to making the lightbulb bigger, if you really want to use an example. 

 

 As you can see, a larger flashlight DOES change the way that the shadow is formed. (Those balls are lightbulbs and that opening is where the light comes out in a flashlight. Oh, and that brown box is just an object)



 But, we do not have to use an example to understand this idea. It is actually pretty simple:

 Now, I think the image is pretty understandable but if you have any questions about it, you can ask! 

 As you can see, the 3 observers are seeing the sun in 3 different sizes. Meaning the dome has to refract the light to make it seem like the sun does not change size. But if this refraction happens, the shadows will be different as the dome has to magnify the sun more as the lenght between the dome and the sun increases. ( Do not misunderstand that plane, I am not trying to say that the sun would appear to grow a little as we go up in the sky. That would be hard to measure. I just put a "plane" there because I thought it was funny. Just treat it like the two other observers.)

@Erfisflat You know what I meant when saying that "your only argument was quote mining" 

 The only part where you try to make a logical case against me was that quote mining part. Yes, you agreed with me on how magnification works. But this is not an argument made against me, correct? In fact, if we were to take the literal definition: "a reason or set of reasons given in support of an idea, action or theory."
 "I agree" is not an argument. 

 You are not trying to understand what I am saying, you are just trying to find mistakes.